What Is Human Resource Management - 3942 Words

1.0 Introduction Human resource management can be defined as â€Å"the effective use of human resources in an organization through the management of people-related activities.† (Harvard Extension School, 2013) According to Boxall (2007), â€Å"HRM is the management of work and people towards desired ends.† Human Resource Management (HRM) is the core function of all organizations. It ensures that’s companies have the necessary talent required to operate effectively. Strategic HRM according to Ulrich(1997), p.89, states â€Å"SHRM is a process of linking HR practices to business strategies.† So from the above definitions it can be seen that SHRM contains HRM but SHRM is at a higher level. Also it must be noted if there is HR in an organization; it†¦show more content†¦Hard HRM focuses more than soft HRM does on using people as resources and as a means towards the competitive success of the organisation. The Michigan model observes the different business strategies a nd related organisation structures can lead to contrasting styles of HRM in activities such as selection, appraisal, rewards, and development. â€Å"It is based on strategic control and identifies the need for human assets to be managed to achieve the organization strategic goals. Figure 2 below shows the Michigan Model. Figure 2 above shows the Michigan Model. Source: (paulooliveiramartins.(2012). MichiganModel. Available:http://paulooliveiramartins1967.blogspot.com/2012/11/unit-1-michigan-model.html.) The Harvard Model according to (http://paulooliveiramartins.com) states â€Å"it is ‘soft’ HRM because it concentrates attention on outcomes for people, especially their wellbeing and organisational commitment. It does not rank business performance or one of the stakeholder interests for example, shareholders as being inherently superior to other legitimate interests, such as the community or unions. Organisational effectiveness is represented in the Harvard model as a critical long term consequence of HR outcomes, but alongside the equallyShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Human Resource Management?1246 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness concept through which companies are integrating their business functions, processes and strategies across the globe taking advantage of the economic growth and culture of countries overseas. This approach increased the significance of Human Resource Management in an organization to a great extent in promoting sustainable development, of all aspects in most industries. HRM not only manages the employees of the company, but is also helps managers adapt to the changing global corporate atmosphereRead MoreWhat is Human Resource Management? Essay2214 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Human Resource Management is â€Å"the process of managing people in a company as well as managing the existing inter-personal relationships† (J. Suli, What Is Human Resource Management, 2013). Key to the success and growth of any business, the HR department is commonly known for taking care of issues and creating strategies for effective employee recruitment and development in a business. However, nowadays, because of the intense competitive market and ever-changing demands, in order forRead MoreWhat Is Human Resource Planning?Identify Its Objectives in Human Resource Management.3921 Words   |  16 Pagesstaff v) prevent shortage / excess of staff vi) comply with legal requirements ------------------------------------------------------------- Human resource planning is the process of anticipating and carrying out the movement of people into, within, and out of the organization. Human resources planning is done to achieve the optimum use of human resources and to have the correct number and types of employees needed to meet organizational goals. Thus, it is a double-edged weapon. If used properlyRead MoreWhat Human Resource Management Is All About1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent strategies through the people, their employees. The ethical challenges, political and instabilities in the economy, and globalization are issues that are also faced by today business firms are what Human Resource management is all about. In this diversity of Human Resources Management (HRM), the organizations adopt the practices and policies according to the environment and culture. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) is required by federal and state laws governing on employment. EEORead MoreWhat is Strategic Human Resource Management(SHRM)?2946 Words   |  12 PagesStrategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is concerned with establishing a specific and managed cause and effect relationship between an organisations actions to survive and grow and its HRM principle and practices. It is also concerned with the mechanism through which people in an organisation gain an understanding of the purpose of the organisation, its goals and strategic objectives. As well as how the organisation related to its external environment in order to achieve these goals and objectivesRead MoreWhat Is Strategic Human Resource Management ( Shrm )1791 Words   |  8 Pages OBE63343 What is Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) a) Do examples of SHRM exist in you region of study? Give examples in your analysis. b) How do you think business (or government) in your region could approach their HRM practices more strategically â€Æ' Contents Abstract Introduction Main Body - Management of People for Strategic Success - Strategic Fit - Examples of SHRM in the UAE - Potential Strategies for businesses in the UAE Conclusion Bibliography Abstract ThisRead MoreWhat are Integrated Human Resource Management Policies? Essay2248 Words   |  9 Pagesproduce , the quality work they do, their Personal and Professional life requirements and the place where they can survive or not . Quality of work life focuses on organization culture and climate. It is basically related to the employees attitude and what are the expectations of employees from the organization. In the new millennium we see that there are immense challenges to employers and employees and their families. Perception of employees towards their job matters extensively for their performanceRead MoreWhat Are The Five Main Functions Of Global Human Resource Management?1386 Words   |  6 PagesArticle 1- â€Å"What are the five main functions of Global Human Resource Management ?† According to the article the worldwide integration of business has made an impact on the task of Human Resource managers because of diverse culture, new notions and different products. In the article there are five main international concepts that are essential for Human Resource Management to ensure the smooth working of business. These are as follows- †¢ Hiring- To entice, retain and recruit a proficient worker isRead MoreWhat Is Management Theory Of Classical And Human Resources Affect The Management Of Different Organizations1765 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent management theories. The purpose of this study is to identify which management theory is ideal for any company to pursue and it will cover advantages and disadvantages of each. The source of information for the above topic will be books that are published by different scholars. The research will be concluded with an assertion of how the two management theories of classical and human resources affect the management of different organizations. Key words: management theories, human resources. IntroductionRead MoreWhat is human resource management and should it be an important part of organisational strategy?2593 Words   |  11 PagesHuman Resources managers are the most important features of any business especially in an economy where there is an increasing shift towards service based industry. Price (1997) for example argues that HRM account for a great proportion of many business costs and it is the people that drive business. Through the key components of HRM such as recruitment and selection, training and developments, the essay will argue on the importance of HRM in organizations and how it contribute to organizational

Critical Analysis Of The Cry Of Children - 912 Words

Analyzing The Cry of the Children with a Marxist Approach The Cry of the Children by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is one of the finest examples of Victorian Poetry dealing with the industrial revolution and its effects on the people of England in 19th century. In this paper we will be analyzing this poem with a Marxist approach by looking at the historical facts and going over the poem line by line. Elizabeth Browning was born on March 6, 1806 in England and died on June 29, 1861 in Italy. Her early life as a teenage girl was very interesting as she was the eldest of 11 children and she had an illness caused by a spinal injury. She was well educated and interested in literature, history and†¦show more content†¦The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution. While this revolution improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often hard employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. (Industrial Revolution) According to Marxism, Capitalist societies can be divided into two major social classes: the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. The Bourgeoisie own the means of production (the land, factories, machinery, raw materials and commercial organizations which are used to produce goods and services) whereas the Proletariat own little or no property and work for wages. The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat are dependent upon each other in that the Bourgeoisie need the Proletariat to produce the gods and services from which the Bourgeoisie derive their profits while the Proletariat are dependent on the Bourgeoisie for the provision of work and income without which they cannot survive. However the relationship between the two classes is based also upon exploitation and conflict. The Proletariat (the working class) are poorly paid, work long hours in dangerous conditions doing repetitive mind-numbing work causing what Marx described as Alienation; they are poorly housed, poorly educated and in bad health. They are exploited in the sense that they are paid in wages less than the value of the goods and services that theyShow MoreRelated Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Message of Social Responsibility912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Message of Social Responsibility in The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚   Often, we paint a fairytale view of life for ourselves and our children. Sometimes, an author paints a frightfully realistic picture of life and forces us to reconsider the fairytale. In Shirley Jackson’s story, The Lottery, a town each year conducts a lottery in which the winner or looser, in this case, is stoned to death by his or her own neighbors. The tradition is supposed to uphold social structure within the town, but in orderRead More1. I Chose Soccer As My Profession Because It Increases1205 Words   |  5 Pagesstick with this major and end up doing what I love to do with people. 2. The three components of Super and Harkness’s developmental niche model example that setting is that parents don’t leave their child easily. In cultures where babies and young children usually sleep close to their parents, for example, parents often feel that to put the child elsewhere. Child who wakes crying in the night no less than ignored. In the U.S. middle class families, babies are often put to bed in their own separateRead MoreCapitalism Is Not Only Brings Out The Worst1726 Words   |  7 Pagesof freedom; ownership entails control, power, and potential for bargaining. I contend, however, that a holistic analysis of the capitalist institution exposes the foreground as an ugly facade. In short, I will show that capitalism not only brings out the worst in people, but also, sustains a pathological cycle of violence. I will first provide a framework discussion of my analysis, summarize the hypocrisies and development of capitalism, and then demonstrate the horrific result of value-drivenRead MoreIntelligence Testing And Its Impact On The Sector860 Words   |  4 Pagestesting. In the days of Alfred Binet, intelligence testing was intended to identify children with mental underdevelopment and give them special attention (Tuckman Monetti, 2011). The testing has evolved, but administrations do continue to test intelligence for that purpose. However, in the United States, intelligence testing is more often used to determine children with above-average intelligence. These children are then put in accelerated programs and afforded better access to resources. It isRead MoreDr. Johnson And The Equity Training Essay708 Words   |  3 Pageswith her staff. The following details the demand engaging in race dialogue in schools. 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Bring that back, he said. JustRead MoreCritical Analysis : The Yellow Wallpaper993 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis: â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† â€Å"Not many women got to live out the daydream of women—to have a room, even a section of a room, that only gets messed up when she messes it up herself.† –Maxine Hong Kingston: The Woman Warrior During the late 19th century women, as history demonstrates, were to remain confined to their societal expectations and roles. Women were thought of as the weaker sex, emotional, and fully dependent on their male counterparts, child-like. She was to be a piousRead MoreAttachment : A Deep And Enduring Emotional Bond1313 Words   |  6 Pages Attachment: An Analysis â€Å"Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space’’ Mary Ainsworth (1973) In this essay I will explore the meaning and purpose of attachment and discuss research into attachment concentrating on John Bowlby’s 1944 â€Å"44 thieves† study conducted to test his maternal deprivation theory and Schaffer Emerson’s 1964 â€Å" Glasgow babies† study. There are twoRead MoreVideo Games : Improving Critical Life Skills1587 Words   |  7 PagesNick Smith PSY 101-ENG 121 Mandley-Stilwell December 1, 2016 How Video Games are Bolstering Critical Life Skills in Children In 1972 Magnavox Odyssey and Atari developed and released what has come to be understood as the first video game titled, Pong. A simple tennis game where the goal is simply to keep the ball within the bounds of the screen. Since then, video games have flourished into a diverse industry varying in several genres. It has become an industry where companies work to developRead MoreThe Life Of Error, By Diane Ravitch856 Words   |  4 Pagesineffectiveness of educational reforms and legislation put in place for teachers and school districts. For example, she states, When evidence is lacking, we should not move forward with a sense of urgency. The reformers are putting the nation s children on a train that is headed for a cliff. (3-4) One of the fundamental points Ravitch makes is in the second chapter when she speaks about No Child Left Behind. I had heard of No Child Left Behind before, but not in the amount of detail that is provided

Social Media s Influence On An Individual s Life

In today’s time social media is major part of everyone’s daily life. For instance, â€Å"people spend over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook† (Lawrence, 2012). This demonstrates that social media has a major influence on an individual’s life. Not only is social media having an influence over individuals, it is also influencing the way society communicates. For example, communication was once through phone calls or by mail, but now communication is being executed through various form of social media such as, Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook, Tumbler, etc. In addition to social media being used for communication, smartphones are also contributing to this as well. Furthermore, smartphones can be used to access the web when there is no internet.†¦show more content†¦Social media and smartphones allow for better communication between health care employees, peers, and patients because they provide multiple ways for each party to communicate with each other. For healthcare workers to communicate with each other, social media platforms such as, Linkedln, which is a professional site that allows healthcare professionals to network with each other (Miller, 2011). Other sites that healthcare professionals can network through are Facebook and Myspace. Having these social media platforms allows for healthcare workers to connect and share their thoughts with each other. Not only does it help coworkers communicate with each other, it also allows healthcare workers to communicate with patients. For example, patients can access social media platforms for information concerning their condition. By having these social media platforms, it allows for various ways patients can have access to health information. Besides social media providing another form of communication between healthcare workers and patients, it is also a resource tool. Social media allows you to research for information that is needed, similar to professional sites, which c an also be used for networking and as a resource tool. According to Gitelman, Lindsay, and Weaver (2012), these networks can be used to obtain and share information (para. 2). By using these professional sites, the sites can help educate

Reforming Immigration Reform - 732 Words

Reforming Immigration Reform Problem Definition In what could arguably have been the shot heard around the world during the 2012 election year, President Obama in June issued an executive order suspending deportations of low-priority undocumented immigrants under the age of 30 (Office of the Press Secretary, 2012). The order targeted young Hispanics who had been brought to the United States by their parents years ago, the so-called Dreamers. During the rest of the campaign, Obama spent considerable time courting the minority vote based on the assumption that his position on immigration reform would be more appealing to Hispanic voters than his opponents (Boyer, 2012). His gamble seems to have paid off. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is at the heart of the debate over immigration reform, since federal policies that control paths to citizenship, border security, and deportations of illegal immigrants are mediated by DHS agencies. These agencies include Customs Border Protection, Citizenship Immigration Services (CIS), the Coast Guard, and Immigration Customs Enforcement (ICE) (DHS, 2012). A recently released report from the Migration Policy Institute highlighted the effects of a de facto enforcement first immigration policy that has emerged in the federal government (Meissner, Kerwin, Chishti, and Bergeron, 2013). The primary components of this policy are border security, visa controls, data collection, workplace purges, detention, deportation,Show MoreRelatedThe U.S. Flawed Immigration System Must be Reformed Essay567 Words   |  3 PagesMichael McCaul SUBJECT: Immigration Reform The issue of illegal immigration has daunted this nation for many years. Currently, there are 11 million illegal immigrants living in the United States. Immigration reform is necessary, but amnesty is not. Last year, the United States Senate passed the ‘Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act’ by a vote of 68-32. If this bill becomes law, America will still not have fixed it’s illegal immigration issue. There are many flawsRead MoreImmigration Reform Of The United States1641 Words   |  7 PagesTutor: Institution: Immigration Reform ​Immigration is defined as the act of leaving your country of origin and going to another different one to stay there permanently (Dictionary.com). Reasons, why people escape or leave their original countries, are varied; ranging from war, poverty, natural occurrences such as earthquakes while others just take the step for fun purposes. A reform is a change from the way things were done originally and make them better. 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He wants people to come to the United States to have a better life, but he wants them to do it legally and fair. â€Å"We have a legal immigration system that s outdated and needs to be modernized so we can win the global competition for talent. We have millions of people living in this country illegally, many of whomRead MoreAnti- Immigration Attitudes in America Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagestreatment of immigrants and foreigners today, and must be changed by first changing the anti-immigrant attitudes in America. The social structures of politics and laws affect both immigrants and U.S. citizens alike and can only be changed by reforming America’s immigration system. Racial prejudice and nativism are still social issues that define our present reality and affect us all. Everyday, immigrants in America find themselves victims of hate crimes like genocide because of their race and ethnicity (WongRead MoreNational Peace Essay1334 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic stability. Revolutions have paved pathways for renaissance and creation. However, if the country does not set a firm pathway outlining rights and rules, it may find itself back in a similar situation. That is precisely why security sector reform plays such a huge role in a countries well-being. Many security sectors in dictating countries are used to macabre displays of superiority to maintain control. Turning the security sector into trustworthy and approachable is no menial task, but itRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Not Be A Citizen Of The United States1574 Words   |  7 Pagesto claim for themselves would be detrimental to our relatively new and fragile country. Today, it’ s a question President Barack Obama and Congress have been trying to answer. As the President and lawmakers, alike, negotiate the contours of an immigration reform bill, they should keep in mind that the granting of legal status to undocumented immigrants would be a boon for the United States’ economy. Moreover, allowing undocumented immigrants to become U.S. citizens would be equally beneficial to AmericaRead MoreThe Eu Summit On Immigration And Asylum Policy1486 Words   |  6 Pages1. Statement of Issue/Problem The general topic of the EU Summit is reforms on immigration and asylum policy within the EU, specifically regarding the Schengen agreement and the Dublin II Regulation. France, Denmark, and Netherlands propose to alter the Schengen area agreement in order to allow member states a greater amount of control over their national borders in the event of a sudden influx of third country nationals arriving to the country without authorization. Debate over the effectivenessRead MoreThe State Of Californi An Alternative Means Of Handling The Concerns Over Immigration1436 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerns over immigration. On August 26th of this year, the president of Mexico paid a visit to California. President Nieto toured the state for two days, delivering speeches directed towards the Mexican immigrants living there. In many of the speeches he delivered while on the tour, Nieto mentioned that both the government of Mexico and leaders in California are going to make substantial contributions towards reforming the treatment of immigrants in the state. They want to reform the life of MexicanRead MoreIllegal Immigration Law740 Words   |  3 Pagesdirector of immigration asserted that human appeared to break with one of Donald’s key campaign assertions that the aliens residing in the United States commit more crimes than the Americans do. Immigrants with criminal records are thus presented with challenging situations, which may increase scrutiny (Morawetz 24). What complicates the matter even though the directive seems to have come from U.S. president is that no law constitutes a criminal alien in the United States immigration laws? Correction

United States Declaration of Independence and Jefferson free essay sample

Benjamin Banker wrote to Thomas Jefferson to argue against slavery. Benjamin, being the son of former slaves, wanted to express his feelings toward slavery thoroughly. Banker uses various significant rhetorical strategies to reveal his opposition to slavery. Rhetorical strategies used by Banker are repetition, the rhetorical triangle, and allusions. Thomas Jefferson was the frames of the Declaration of Independence and secretary of state to President George Washington. Banker uses repetition to emphasis the authority he holds toward Jefferson.Throughout his letter, Banker refers to Jefferson as sir. The repetition of sir enables Jefferson to sense respect from Banker. Throughout his letter, Banker uses allusions In his letter to bring back some of Jefferson memories. In line 21 an allusion towards something Jefferson himself wrote. He argues that, In the Declaration of Independence, It states that all men are created equal and that he Is contradicting himself by not doing anything to abolish slavery. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Declaration of Independence and Jefferson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In lines 48-50, Banker uses an allusion from the Bible.He quotes Job to form an analogy as to what Jefferson should do. Like Job, Jefferson must put his soul in the souls of others. Banker wanted to make Jefferson realize what the slaves are going through. Banker uses the rhetorical triangle to appeal Jefferson senses. Pathos is used in line 20 to appeal to Jefferson emotions. Banker praises Jefferson for his doctrine by writing that it is worthy to be recorded and remembered in all succeeding age.

Keats, Shelley , Coleridge free essay sample

Member of the Second generation of Romantic poets who blossomed early and died young. He is Romantic in his relish of sensation, his feeling for the Middle Ages, his love for the Greek civilization and his conception of the writer. He was able to fuse the romantic passion and the cold Neo-classicism, just as Ugo Foscolo did in â€Å"LE GRAZIE† and in â€Å"I SEPOLCRI†. * He was born in London; he attended a private school in Enfield; he attended also at the early deaths of his father (killed in a riding accident), his mother and his brother (of tuberculosis). He became a surgeon but six years later he decided to leave the profession and announced in the sonnet â€Å"ON FIRST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN’S HOMER† his decision to devote his life to writing verse . * His mother and brother died because of TB and his ever-frail health deteriorated rapidly following a walking tour to the Highlands (Scotland). * He fell in love with Fanny Brawne but poverty and his bad health made marriage impossible. * The symptoms of consumption became evident; in 1820 he travelled to Italy in an effort to recover his health but died in Rome of tuberculosis in 1821. He was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Rome. * There is some deeply felt personal experience behind the ODES of 1819, but the significant fact is that this experience is â€Å"behind† the odes, not their substance. * The poetical personal pronoun â€Å"I† does not stand for a human being linked to the events of his time, but for a universal one. * He remarks: â€Å"Scenery is fine, but human nature is finer† The common Romantic tendency to identify scenes and landscapes with subjective moods and emotions is rarely present in his poetry It has nothing of the Wordsworth pantheistic conviction, and no sense of mystery. He’s a Romantic poet thanks to his belief in the supreme value of imagination. IMAGINATION: the world of his poetry is predominantly artificial (one that he imagines); his poetry comes from imagination in sense that a great deal of his work is a vision of what he would like human life to be, stimulated by his own experience of pain and m isery. * BEAUTY: What strikes his imagination most is beauty; he feels a disinterested love for beauty that differentiates him from the other Romantic writers (â€Å"Art for Art’s sake†). The contemplation of beauty is the central theme in Keats’s poetry. It is mainly the Classical Greek world that inspires Keats. The expression of beauty is the ideal of all art. The world of Greek beliefs lives again in his verse, recreated and re-interpreted with the eyes of a Romantic. His first contact with beauty proceeds from the senses, from the concrete physical sensations. All the senses, as in Wordsworth’s poetry, are involved in this process. This â€Å"physical beauty† is caught in all the forms nature acquires; but beauty can also produce a much deeper experience of joy, which introduces a sort of â€Å"spiritual beauty† that is one of love, friendship and poetry. Keats indentifies BEAUTY and TRUTH as the only type of knowledge, as he affirms in the two last lines of â€Å"ODE ON A GRECIAN URN†. MARY SHELLEY (1797-1851) * Her parents had been heavily influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution and were part of a small radical group. * Her child house (Godwin’s) was visited by some of the most famous writers of the day, like the Romantic poets Samuel Coleridge and Percy Bysshe Shelley. * Shelley was immediately attracted by the young Mary Godwin; in 1814 the couple fled to France and later they decided to rent a country house on the banks of Lake Geneva near Villa Diodati. It was there that the writing of â€Å"FRANKENSTEIN† took place. * In 1816 Mary Shelley began to write her famous novel, which was published anonymously in 1818. * In 1822 the Shelleys moved to Lerici, Percy died in a storm; Mary returned to England in 1823 where she died. * â€Å"FRANKESTEIN† A Swiss scientist, manages to create a human being by joining parts selected from dead corpses. The result of the experiment is ugly and revolting; the creation become an outcast and a wicked, he becomes cruel because he is not accepted by society; afterwards the Monster becomes a murderer and in the end he destroys his creator. The story is not told chronologically and is introduced to us by a series of letters written by Walton, a young explorer on a voyage of expedition to the North Pole who saved Frankestein, to his sister, Margaret Saville. Walton is an explorer of the upper classes; indeed he has got money to travel the world. The social class of Frankenstein in the same of Wlaton’s. * INFLUENCES OF â€Å"FRANKENSTEIN† 1. The monster can be considered Rousseau’s natural man, that is a man in a primitive state, not influenced by civilization; 2. The ghost stories read at Villa Diodati provided an immediate stimulus even if â€Å"Frankenstein† differs from the Gothic tradition, since it is not set in a dark castle and does not deal with supernatural events; 3. Another important influence was the work of the Romantic poets in general (Byron), the most meaningful element she derived from Coleridge’s â€Å"RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER† is the fact that both Coleridge’s ballad and Mary Shlley’s novel are tales of a crime against nature: Frankenstein’s creation of the monster and the Mariner’s shooting of the albatross; 4. The myth of Prometheus is also important: Prometheus in Greek mythology was a giant who stole the fire from Gods in order to give it to men, In so doing, he challenged the divine authority and freed men from Gods’ power. He is a clear example of an overreacher, just like Dr Frankenstein and Walton; 5. Mary dedicated her novel to Godwin and used many of the ideas held by her parents including social justice and education. She clearly sympathizes with the monster but she is afraid of the consequences of his actions. In this there is the tension between fear of revolution and interest in the revolutionary ideas, two attitudes which were characteristic of English intellectuals; 6. Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary were interested in science and particularly chemistry. She was aware of the latest scientific theories and experiments of the day in the fields of chemistry, evolutionism and electricity. The protagonist of the novel is the first embodiment and its responsibility to mankind. In fact Frankenstein tries to create a human being through the use of electricity and chemistry without respecting the rules of nature as far as creation and life are concerned; 7. The memories of Mary’s sense of loss at the death of her own mother (first feminist). * The novel is told by three different narrators: 1. Walton that informs his sister, whose initials are the same as those of Mary Shelley, MS, that is Margaret Saville; 2. Frankenstein informs Walton, who informs his sister; 3. The monster who informs Frankenstein, who informs Walton, who informs his sister. All the novel has Walton’s sister as receiver, but presents three different points of view. The form of the novel is epistolary; perhaps the writer wanted to disguise her own voice as a woman by hiding behind three male narrators. * THEMES 1. The quest for forbidden knowledge Human beings have the same God’s knowledge: ability to create new lives. 2. The overreacher (Walton, Doctor Frankenstein, Prometheus) 3. The double (Doctor Frankenstein and the monster, Doctor Frankenstein and Walton), anticipates the double identity of â€Å"DOCTOR JEKYLL AND MR HYDE† by Robert Louis Stevenson 4. The penetration of nature’s secrets, which is related to the theme of the overreacher 5. The usurpation of the female role, since the creation of human beings becomes possible without the participation of women 6. Social prejudices through the figure of the monster as an outcast * DOUBLE Walton is a double of Frankenstein since he manifests the same ambition, the wish to overcome human limits (Prometheus myth) in his traveling towards the unknown, and the same wish for loneliness and pride of being different. Frankenstein and his creature are complementary: they both suffer from a sense of alienation and isolation, both begin with a desire to be good but become obsessed with hate and revenge. The creature stands for the scientist’s negative self. One sure sign of the double is the creation’s haunting presence: even if Frankenstein initially flees from his creature and even if their direct confrontations are few, the monster is constantly present in his life. His rejection of his creature is crucial and this makes the monster an outcast, a murderer and a rebel against society. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (1772-1834) * He attended the Christ’s Hospital School in London; then Cambridge, where he never graduated. * He and the poet Robert Southey planned to establish an utopian community in Pennsylvania under the name of Pantisocracy, where private ownership did not exist and every economic activity was done in common This project came to nothing in the end. * He suffered from chronic rheumatism, consequently the doctors prescribed him opium to ease his bodily pains and he developed a growing addiction to this drug. Most of his poems are probably written under the effect of opium (Visionary poems). * In 1797, he met the poet William Words worth and settled in Somerset, where an important collaboration started. Most of his best poetry belongs to these years. * In 1799, he joined Wordsworth and his sister in the Lake District. He then spent a period of solitude in Malta, after which he returned to England and began a career lecturing in literary concerns and in journalism. * He settled in London where he produced â€Å"BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA† (1817), a classical text of literary criticism and autobiography. Here he explained the dual task which he and Wordsworth had set themselves in the â€Å"LYRICAL BALLADS†: in contrast to Wordsworth’s subjects from ordinary life, his own task was to write about extraordinary events in a credible way. * IMAGINATION He stressed the role of imagination: he distinguished between â€Å"primary imagination† and â€Å"secondary imagination†. He described â€Å"PRIMARY IMAGINATION† as a fusion of perception and the human individual power to produce images; this human power was also the power to give chaos an certain order to give the material of perception a certain shape. SECONDARY IMAGINATION† was something more, it was the poetic faculty, which not only gave shape and order to a given world, but built new worlds. * FANCY Imagination was more important than fancy, which, though on a higher level than mere perception, was based on the power of association of material already provided and subject to the rational law of judgement. * NATURE Unlike Wordsworth, Coleridge did not view nature as a moral guide or a source of consolation and happiness. His contemplation of nature was always accompanied by awareness of the presence of the ideal in the real. His strong Christian faith, however, did not allow him to identify nature with the divine, in that form of pantheism which Wordsworth adopted. He rather saw nature and the material world in a sort of neo Platonic interpretation, as the reflection of the perfect world of ideas. The material world is nothing but the projection of the real world of Ideas on the flux of time Coleridge believed that natural images carried abstract meaning and he used them in his most visionary poems. * â€Å"THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER† It is the masterpiece of Coleridge, written in 1798; it is the first poem of the collection LYRICAL BALLADS, that became, along with the Preface â€Å"A CERTAIN COLOURING OF IMAGINATION† by Wordsworth to its second edition, the Manifesto of the English Romantic movement. This ballad is made up of seven parts; it is introduced by an â€Å"Argument† containing a short summary of the whole poem an consists of two narratives: one is made up of captions to the right of the stanzas, which constitute the framework and introduce the protagonist and his listener; the other is the poem itself. In the first part the ancient Mariner stops a wedding guest to tell him his dreadful tale. He narrates of how he and his fellow mariners reached the equator and the North Pole after a violent storm. After several days an albatross appeared through the fog and was killed by the Mariner. Coleridge does not say why the Mariner kills the albatross and what matters is precisely the uncertainty of the Mariner’s motives which suggests the essential irrationality of the crime. The crime is against nature and breaks a sacred law. In the second part, the Mariner begins to suffer punishment for what he has done, and Coleridge transfers to the physical world the corruption and the helplessness which are the common attributes of guilt. The world which faces the Mariner after his crime is dead and terrible; the ship has ceased to move and the sailors are tortured by first, and the only moving things are sliming creatures in the sea at night. The third part shows how the Mariner’s guilty soul becomes conscious of what he has done and of his isolation in the world. A phantom ship closer to the doomed crew and is identified as a skeleton ship. On board Death and Life in death cast dice; the former wins the Mariner’s fellows, who all die starved, and the latter wins the Mariner’s life. In the fourth part this sense of solitude is stressed. Then the Mariner, unaware, blesses the water snakes and begins to reestablish a relationship with the world of nature. The fifth part continues the process of the soul’s revival. The ship begins to move and celestial spirits stand by the corpses of the dead men. In the sixth part, the process of healing seems to be done. In the last stanzas of the seventh part the Mariner gains the wedding guest’s sympathy. Coleridge does not tell the end of the story, but lets the reader suppose that the Mariner’s sense of guilt will end only with his death. * ATMOSPHERE AND CHARACTERS The atmosphere of the whole poem is charged with irresistible mystery because of the combination of the supernatural (old mariner, ghost ship, skeletons, albatross) and the commonplace (storm, voyage, places, ice), dream-like elements and astonishing visual realism. The Mariner and his comrades are more types than human beings and their agonies are simply universally human. The Mariner does not speak as a moral agent, he is passive in guilt and remorse. From his paralysis of conscience the Mariner succeeds in gaining his authority, though he pays for by remaining in the condition of an outcast. Coleridge makes him spectator as well as actor in the drama, so that he can recount even his worst terrors with the calm of lucid retrospection. * TRADITIONAL BALLAD This poem contains many of the features traditionally associated with ballads, that is: the combination of dialogue and narration; the four-line stanzas; the archaic language, rich in alliterations, repetitions and onomatopoeias; the theme of travel and wandering and supernatural elements. But the presence of a moral at the end makes it a romantic ballad. BALLAD: narrative poem, fixed form, easily memoraisable, with a refrain like a song, because the ballads were to pass orally and to accompanied by music. * The Mariner is freed from his sins when he bless all the creatures of the world, but he is punished going land to land to advertise people to do not what he did: crime against nature. * The ancient mariner was punished to bring around his neck the dead albatross. *