The Chemistry of Theobromine

The Chemistry of Theobromine Theobromine belongs to a class of alkaloid molecules known as methylxanthines, which naturally occur in as many as 60 different plant species and include caffeine (the primary methylxanthine in coffee) and theophylline (the primary methylxanthine in tea). Theobromine is the primary methylxanthine found in products of the cocoa tree, theobroma cacao. Effects of Theobromine on Humans Theobromine affects humans similarly to caffeine, but on a much smaller scale. Theobromine is mildly diuretic (it increases urine production), is a mild stimulant, and relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs. In the human body, theobromine levels are halved between 6-10 hours after consumption. Theobromine has been used as a drug for its diuretic effect, particularly in cases where cardiac failure has resulted in an accumulation of body fluid. It has been administered with digitalis in order to relieve dilatation. Because of its ability to dilate blood vessels, theobromine also has been used to treat high blood pressure. Dangers of Theobromine Cocoa and chocolate products may be toxic or lethal to dogs and other domestic animals such as horses because these animals metabolize theobromine more slowly than humans. The heart, central nervous system, and kidneys are affected. Early signs of theobromine poisoning in dogs include nausea and vomiting, restlessness, diarrhea, muscle tremors, and increased urination or incontinence. The treatment at this stage is to induce vomiting. Cardiac arrhythmias and seizures are symptoms of more advanced poisoning. Different types of chocolate contain different amounts of theobromine. In general, theobromine levels are higher in dark chocolates (approximately 10 g/kg) than in milk chocolates (1-5 g/kg). Higher quality chocolate tends to contain more theobromine than lower quality chocolate. Cocoa beans naturally contain approximately 300-1200 mg/ounce theobromine (note how variable this is!).

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example for Free (#13)

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay ? We watched two different versions of Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’. The first version we watched was from the BBC. This version showed the dream world mixed in with reality, which was quite good. The second version of this play was by channel 4. This was a little less detailed as it showed the forest with lights hanging down. The accents of the actors in the first version were hard to understand because they were from all over England. The first version was also hard to understand because the actors did not use very good body language. The first version also good in the way that it made its forest so life like, well as in the second version it was plain and had doorways in the middle from where people came from. The language use was easier to understand than the second version because the actors used more present English rather than old Shakespeare language. I think that the second version we watched was more suited to children rather than adults because it contained childish humour. When Puck gave Bottom a donkeys head it looked quite unrealistic in the first version because it looked like a rabbit. In the second version Bottoms ass head was good because it actually looked a little realistic. In the second version when Bottom and Titania fell in love, I think they went a bit over the top with the love scene. The first version of the play showed the dream world mixed with reality because Puck made it easy to see who was in the dream world and who wasn’t. The strange thing about the second version was having the little boy as a narrator. I think that may confuse people because they have now added another world to the whole story. There is now reality in the film, the dream world and reality in our world. When the first version showed the play by Bottom and his friends it seemed unpracticed and shabby. The second play showed a little humour by adding people forgetting their lines and the good roaring by the lion. They actually performed on a stage which was more appropriate for the occasion. In the first version they had to perform on the floor. If the actors were performing in front of a Duke and a Duchess then the performers should be given a proper performing stage. I think the second version of the play was by far the best because it had better acting and it showed some humour. In the first version I did not like it how the audience could sense the presence of the dream world. After Bottom and his friends had acted I did not understand why Puck had led all of the fairies through the corridors of the house. I think I prefer the second version of the play because I think it is more suited to my age group and plus I understood it a lot better than the first version. This is because it used present English and it used better body language. A Midsummer Nights Dream. (2017, Jul 12).

Increasing Female Participation in XYZ Sports Club Research Paper

Increasing Female Participation in XYZ Sports Club - Research Paper Example The social system tends to relate all benefits associated with sports to men. This setting has discouraged many women from engaging in sportive activities especially in male dominated societies. However, the recent trend indicates that women are increasingly participating in sports even those that were solely preserved for men. With this new promise, the purpose of this paper is to present the barriers preventing women from participating in sports and recommend the best ways reduce them in order to increase their participation in XYZ club activities. Barriers to women participating in sports Essentially, women are barred from participating in sports due to practical barriers such as lack of enough time, money, transport, as well as personal safety, funding, and access to facilities. Women have less time for leisure than men due to the greater burden of family roles such as housework and childcare. In fact, many American women are trying to balance family and worker roles, and thus ha ve no space for leisure time (Klein, 2004). Many women argue that the lack of money is a barrier to sport activities as they earn less than men. Sport is often seen as a luxury, or reward for paid work. Although many women are paid workers, the perception that men deserve such reward is still evident. Nonetheless, poor families may be unable to afford to pay sporting attire or equipment as well as investing in cub membership. Transport is also a major problem especially for mothers with children and women living in rural areas. These individuals rely on public transport which is sometimes unsafe, inconvenient, unreliable, and expensive. Safety within the sports venues is also a barrier to women as they fear sexual harassment as well as unwanted attention. Accessibility to sports is also a practical barrier for women to engage in sports as the system prioritize male sports and women cannot access the facility at their preferred times. Women also find it difficult to engage in sports due to individual or personal barriers such as body image, lack of confidence, clothing and equipment. According to Lynn (2002) the issue of body image affects all features of the society and research indicates that women report greater dissatisfaction in their body image than men. It is also noted that women are more self-conscious when participating in sports than men. Therefore, the more self-conscious the women feel about their body image, the lower the chances of participating in sports. While some sports equipment might be quite expensive, some sports clothing are pretty revealing to the disadvantage of the body image. There is enough evidence that women have less self-confidence when compared to men (Birch, 2005, p. 245). Societal expectations are for the man to show confidence while confidence in a woman would be seen as a deviation from the normal. Finally are discouraged from sportive activities due to social and cultural barriers such as the male-dominated culture of spor t, sexual abuse and harassment, as well attitudes and prejudices about sexuality, disability, and ethnicity. Male domination in sports has been a factor that turns women off sports as it feels strange with being feminine. The same domination has made sports women to be associated with uncouthly acts such as lesbianism refraining others from certain sports. Disabled women

Ebola virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ebola virus - Essay Example Additionally, possible treatment methods and the structure of the virus will be discussed. The official name for Ebola is simply the Ebola virus. It is a viral type of infection and causes a disease called Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). There are four, possibly five, identified strains of the virus and each one affects a sufferer differently (Williams, 1999). The virus originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan, and is named after the Ebola River Valley in the Congo (Williams, 1999). In 1976, the first recognized outbreak occured at a missionary hospital run by Flemish nuns. There were two strains of the virus that were documented at that time: Ebola-Sudan and Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ). These two strains had extremely high infection rates along with high mortality rates (53 percent and 88 percent respectively). At that time, the numbers of infected people only ranged in the hundreds, and as such, was not so well-known yet in the international community. It was not until 1989 t hat the disease became public knowledge after infected monkeys were imported from the Philippines into Reston, Virginia. This was the third strain of Ebola recognized and it was called Ebola-Reston (EBOR). These were the first cases of Ebola in the United States. Only a small number were infected, and fortunately, none of them ever developed Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). ... The virus was named this after an outbreak of Ebola in Bundibugyo District, Uganda. The good news is that this strain of the virus was only short-lived. A couple of months after the discovery, it was confirmed by the Uganda Ministry of Health that the epidemic was over. There were only roughly a hundred cases of this strain of the virus, and of those infected, very few actually died from the disease compared to previous strains (39 deaths out of 116 cases – 34% mortality rate). The Ebola virus is typically transmitted by humans having close contact with a host, usually an infected animal (Williams, 1999). After this, the virus can be transmitted to others who come into contact with bodily fluids from the original infected person. Another way that it is transmitted between humans is through reused needles. Many experts believe that the chances of a new epidemic outbreak are low because initial infections usually occur in less populated areas. Additionally, because of the high r ates of fatalities, Ebola sufferers demise rapidly, thus preventing a wide number of people coming into contact with the affected Ebola sufferer. Originally, the Ebola virus was though to be transmitted from animals to humans. Scientists have a theory of how the virus goes through the transmission stage. It is thought that bats drop uneaten fruit, which animals such as gorillas and monkeys then go on to consume. This is an indirect way of transmission, starting out with the natural host, and then progressing to the animal population. It is very rare that a human catches the virus from the natural host or reservoirs (Williams, 1999). Specific outbreaks of Ebola can typically be linked to a simple case of a human touching a

Thoreau :: essays research papers

nry David Thoreau's outlook on education grew problematic because of a growing sense that it prevented learning rather then fostering it. He emphasized a deep respect for the local and concrete as the basis of all learning but education through experience was just as intrinsically valuable as schooling. You can't stop life once when you become a teacher you have to keep learning He spent the rest of his life learning and writing; the two were usually the same for him. The purpose of writing for Thoreau is, if he didn't write, he didn't exist. He would have no purpose in life. He embodied the notion of continuing education and lifelong learning. Thoreau was an advocate for continuing education more fundamentally in the sense that he knew that no system is sufficient or permanent, that to be responsively alive is to be a perpetual learner, always aware of both the possibilities and the limits of ones current knowledge. Thoreau remained a learner of how he learned, keeping in his journal a series of internal reflections. He believed that body and soul, self and society, emotion and intellect can be reconciled. He asserts a basic succession between the schoolroom and the street by moving the classroom outside, between the process of learning and experience. He believed that the teacher could learn with and from the student. On the positive side, he wanted to devote all his energies to his writing. But on the negative side, he had a deep, underlying suspicion of the whole activity of formal education. In his journal he writes about how horrible it is to teach when the student isn't experienced or ready for it. Education is never completed, it is always vibrantly alive to the present circumstances of life. While Thoreau sees this cycle as at the heart of the educational process, it is in the area of writing, that he writes with the greatest depth. He engaged in this learning activity daily, noting: "How vain it is to sit down to write when you have not stood up to live!" Some progressive educators make the mistake of thinking it is enough to have experiences, just by memory somehow constitute thinking about it Thoreau believed that reading and thinking should not be locked away within the mind only. Henry David Thoreau viewed education as an ongoing process that is necessary to awaken us from abstractions and preconceptions in order to learn and see things in a new light.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Literary Analysis Essay

Neolithic Revolution Food: seeds, nuts, fruits, plants (gatherers) Eventually: small to large game (hunters) Hunting = working together, tools, and communication Hunting = migration, move from Africa to Asia Homo sapiens – 100,000 to 400,000 years ago first appear What is the Neolithic Revolution? Neolithic Revolution: agricultural revolution. The switch from hunting and gathering to farming. Agriculture and life style change Men = hunters Women – take care of children, gather plants and fruit for food.Knowledge that seeds = food = BREAKTHROUGH!!!!! Raise wheat, rice, barely, millet Domestication of animals Leads to plow and fertilizers. From hunter gatherers to food producing = Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Causes of the Neolithic Revolution Change in Climate Rising Temperature Drier land for farming Population Boom What does farming provide that hunting doesn’t? Early Farming Methods Slash-and-burn farming Ashes fertilize the soil After a year or two move t o another area of land.Farming Develops in Many Places Africa: Nile River Valley India: Indus Valley China: The Huang He River Valley Mesopotamia: Fertile Crescent Ch 1 Sec 2: Where were these ancient civilizations? Economic Changes Surplus of food meant people had more free time Artisans (crafts people) created valuable new items (cloth, pottery) Traders profited from a wider variety of goods to trade Social Changes People worked together to solve problems build irrigation systems farm land create cities (urbanization)Creation of cities leads to government Some consider: calendar, tools, and writing/reading (education) Social classes emerge 1. Concept of private property Division of labor (specialized jobs) Religion becomes more organized Worshiping gods & goddesses, not forces of nature Neolithic Villages Discovered in the late 1950’s. Famous due to the large size, dense population, spectacular walls, & paintings of the Neolithic life. Catal Huyuk Mud brick Entrance from ab ove Burials under floor Reed mats for beddingPeriodically destroyed and rebuilt above Review Humans initially hunter and gatherers and lived in relative equality. Neolithic Revolution is a food revolution. More food = more people. More people = creation of civilizations. Civilizations = cities, religion, reading/writing, government, division of labor, division of social classes, tool making (tech), concept of time (calendar), free time, education This all leads to civilizations being established in: India, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China.

Research Paper Full Guide for Students

Research paper essay is written to analyze a point or to develop arguments to support a thesis. An essay is written around a central problem and provides an answer. It presents the thinking of the writer and these concepts must be supported by the knowledge acquired from own experience and reading. A research paper also is an essay, but instead of writing own experience and thinking, writer strives to find more information, ideas and opinions from experts in the field to build upon his/her own knowledge. A research paper refers to a range of academic works, including dissertations, term papers, and theses. Such papers often contribute a lot to a student’s grade, which is why many students are actually intimidated by this challenge. However, with the right set of knowledge and skills, as well as the right attitude, you will ace your research paper from the first try! What are the Steps in Writing a Research Paper? When you are writing a research paper, it’s important to use every source that is available to you. Instead of simply going to the library and finding one or two books on the required topic, you should also look for magazines and newspapers, government publications, encyclopedias, and any other relevant source you can locate. Plus, you shouldn’t ignore the power of the internet when it comes to conducting research. There may be hundreds of thousands of search results for your topic, but you should pay extra attention to the authenticity and reliability of the source. Another essential step of the research paper writing process is developing a thesis statement. The thesis statement will serve as the foundation of your entire paper and you will come back to it more than once. That is why a thesis statement needs to be clear, strong, and concise. While choosing a topic for your research paper is important, it’s only the first step in the complex writing process. Here are all 7 steps of the typical research paper writing procedure: Choose your topic. Formulate a thesis to build your work around. Gather all relevant sources and make notes as you study them. Prepare an outline for your research paper. Organize your notes according to the outline. Write the research paper using your notes and the outline. Proofread the paper and make sure you have achieved the desired effect. Example Research Paper Example View Sample Sample Firemen Safety View Sample College Research Paper Examples Samples are always useful. Such texts allow the writer to make sure he does the right job. That is why students may find numerous samples on the internet according to their topics. ORDER PAPERVIEW SAMPLE college research paper example ORDER PAPERVIEW SAMPLE college research paper outline ORDER PAPERVIEW SAMPLE college research paper ORDER PAPERVIEW SAMPLE how to write a college research paper ORDER PAPERVIEW SAMPLE research paper format ORDER PAPERVIEW SAMPLE research paper introduction After you review several examination papers, you will make sure that in general, all papers have the same structure and approaches in writing. But all power of the text is in facts and personal thoughts. Every paper must contain unique information, arguments, and conclusion. In such a way the result of the job will be the high mark. Topic for a Research Paper Essay A research paper is a serious task for any student. The topic depends on the subject you are studying. Among the best ideas for such paper are listed below themes. If you are a student of technology department choose something like that: How to provide the best cybersecurity on the internet. The way Steve Jobs had changed the world The best NASA technologies to explore Mars. Students of legal issues may be interested in the following: Is it legal to provide death penalty? Legalization of marijuana: pros and cons. If your field is business may attention to the next topics: The analyzes of minimum wages in the world. The most effective tips in time management. How to create startup if you have no business idea. A research essay topic has to be specific. Read the assignment instructions carefully and select a topic that is relevant to the assignment. It has to cover a narrow area that helps to carry out a meaningful study within the time limit and write a good essay to be contained within the word limit. The selected topic has to be interesting and useful to the readers. The writer should have an enthusiasm that will make the research paper essay a marvelous piece of writing. The topic selected for the research paper is a critical factor on the success of the paper. College Research Paper Outline The first step in writing papers is to pick up an interesting topic. After you make sure that the topic of your research paper really deserves attention then decide what statements and facts you should add to the discussing. It is important to use the optimal amount of details that will provide the general foundation for any research outline. So here are the main parts of research papers: Introduction. This part must contain the main thesis statements of the research. Dont forget to explain basic approaches you used in your research paper. In general, the introduction usually contains major points of the problem and encourage them to read the paper with interest. Body. This is the main part where a student must explain his thesis and prove them with arguments. Experts in writing papers advice to use the Rule of 3, that requires at least 3 arguments for every statement. The author uses good argument at first, then add one stronger and finish with the strongest one. In such a way there would be no doubts about your paper quality. Conclusion. One of the most important students’ skills is an opportunity to make a summary. This part will contain the short thesis of all paper and final conclusion. Useful Tips for Writing a Research Paper Students have to follow some accepted norms and practices when writing a research paper. Here are some important tips to follow: Follow the given writing style for the paper including the bibliography Organization of the research paper: Use a format that ensures smooth logical flow of ideas Connect the paragraph with hooks and smooth transitions Body paragraphs in logical order Introduction should contain your thesis statement Thesis statement should be restated in the conclusion Grammar: Be careful on sentence structure, spelling, punctuation and capitalization Essay editing and proofreading are essential to submit an error-free research paper Professional Help to Write Good Research Papers When students are faced with the challenge of writing a research paper essay, they should try their best to write the paper by themselves. If they find it difficult to do, wasting time will result in serious consequences. If this is the situation that you are facing right now, do not hesitate to get essay assistance to write a good research paper that gets you a good grade. Research paper writers can help you with a custom written research paper that would ensure your success.